{"id":90775,"date":"2023-04-24T12:24:09","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T10:24:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/?p=90775"},"modified":"2023-04-26T09:18:27","modified_gmt":"2023-04-26T07:18:27","slug":"chronique-afghanistan-femmes-et-minorites-en-danger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/2023\/04\/24\/chronique-afghanistan-femmes-et-minorites-en-danger\/","title":{"rendered":"Afghanistan | The Political Ramifications of a Humanitarian Disaster"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span class=\"accroche\">En Suisse comme dans l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE), l\u2019un des principaux pays de provenance des demandes d\u2019asile apr\u00e8s l\u2019Ukraine en 2022 a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019Afghanistan. Une migration en augmentation et essentiellement masculine, mais qui n\u2019est pas nouvelle. L\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique depuis l\u2019invasion sovi\u00e9tique de 1979 et la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de la situation s\u00e9curitaire durant l\u2019intervention \u00e9trang\u00e8re (2001-2021), en particulier en <a href=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/2021\/12\/03\/afghanistan-refugie%c2%b7es-pratique-suisse-et-statistiques-2021\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"80856\">2014<\/a>, ont forc\u00e9 un grand nombre d\u2019Afghan\u00b7es \u00e0 se d\u00e9placer dans et hors de ses fronti\u00e8res. La reprise \u00e9clair du contr\u00f4le de Kaboul par les talibans en ao\u00fbt 2021 a exacerb\u00e9 ce mouvement, ajoutant \u00e0 l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 une d\u00e9gradation acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e de la situation \u00e9conomique du pays, qui conna\u00eet l\u2019une de ses plus graves crises humanitaires.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\" src=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-90798\" srcset=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-1.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-1-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-1-150x100.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 UNHCR\/Oxygen Film Studio (AFG)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<section id=\"block_a769d66a5dd2ec5127dc4d780603df57\" class=\"toc align c-block--toc js-toc-container\">\n\n  \n    <div class=\"js-toc\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"c-block--box  is-box--\">\n    <div class=\"c-block--box-inner\">\n        \n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Donn\u00e9es socio-d\u00e9mographiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Capitale : Kaboul<br>R\u00e9gime politique: \u00c9mirat Islamique<br>Anciennement : R\u00e9publique islamique <br>Langues officielles : Dari, Pachto <br>Population : 40,1 millions<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Donn\u00e9es migratoires en 2020<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/system\/files\/pdf\/WMR-2022.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/system\/files\/pdf\/WMR-2022.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>: <br>2,6 millions de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9\u00b7es*,<br>3,5 millions d\u00e9plac\u00e9\u00b7es internes*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">* Selon les donn\u00e9es officielles de l\u2019Organisation internationale des migrations (IOM) que les associations locales estiment largement sous-estim\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019arr\u00eat brutal de l\u2019aide au d\u00e9veloppement et l\u2019imposition des sanctions internationales<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les sanctions internationales visent la plupart des 9 ministres au pouvoir. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eda.admin.ch\/eda\/fr\/dfae\/dfae\/aktuell\/newsuebrsicht\/2022\/09\/afghanistan.html<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> suite \u00e0 la prise de pouvoir des talibans a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le d\u00e9cisif dans cette situation<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il s\u2019agit notamment des&nbsp;r\u00e9ductions des salaires des travailleurs essentiels, de la crise de liquidit\u00e9 massive, d\u2019une flamb\u00e9e des prix des biens essentiels; et des restrictions impos\u00e9es&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_3');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Jusque-l\u00e0, le budget de l\u2019\u00c9tat afghan provenait en effet \u00e0 75% de <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eda.admin.ch\/eda\/fr\/dfae\/dfae\/aktuell\/newsuebersicht\/2022\/09\/afghanistan.html\" target=\"_blank\">l\u2019aide financi\u00e8re internationale<\/a>. D\u00e9sormais, plus de 85% de la population vit dans la pauvret\u00e9, plus de 20 millions de personnes sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 une faim aigu\u00eb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s le Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral adjoint aux affaires humanitaires et Coordonnateur des secours d\u2019urgence en Afghanistan&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_4');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Une <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ungeneva.org\/fr\/news-media\/news\/2022\/12\/76157\/en-afghanistan-lexemption-humanitaire-nous-aide-sauver-des-vies-onu\" target=\"_blank\">troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9cheresse cons\u00e9cutive<\/a> aggrave encore la malnutrition de la population<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ce secteur est l&rsquo;un des moyens de subsistance essentiel alors qu&rsquo;environ 70% des Afghans vivent dans des zones rurales (selon le FAO) et 80% vit directement ou indirectement de&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_5');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien que le retrait am\u00e9ricain ait mis fin \u00e0 deux d\u00e9cennies d\u2019occupation militaro-humanitaire brutale [1]<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Des villages bombard\u00e9s par les troupes de l&rsquo;OTAN, maisons pill\u00e9es par les forces sp\u00e9ciales am\u00e9ricaines et milices financ\u00e9es par la CIA, arrestations massives, tortures et des communaut\u00e9s&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_6');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, marqu\u00e9e par des milliers de victimes civiles de <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/12\/18\/us\/airstrikes-pentagon-records-civilian-deaths.html\" target=\"_blank\">drones am\u00e9ricains<\/a> et d\u2019attentats \u00e0 la bombe des ex-insurg\u00e9s, la situation s\u00e9curitaire en Afghanistan demeure pr\u00e9occupante. La violence d\u2019\u00c9tat, avec la mise en \u0153uvre de ch\u00e2timents pour crimes moraux<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les juges doivent appliquer certains aspects de la loi islamique, tels que les ex\u00e9cutions publiques, lapidations, flagellations et amputations, d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;Agence France-Presse&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_7');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, se double d\u2019attaques r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des minorit\u00e9s, telles que les Hazaras chiites, pris pour cible par la branche afghane du groupe \u00c9tat Islamique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les attaques \u00e0 la bombe et les attaques arm\u00e9es contre les Hazaras en 2022, revendiqu\u00e9es par l&rsquo;\u00c9tat islamique de la province du Khorasan, auraient tu\u00e9 et bless\u00e9 au moins 700&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_8');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. La criminalisation des relations homosexuelles avec un code p\u00e9nal afghan qui fait de la conduite homosexuelle une infraction, touche \u00e9galement les droits des personnes lgbtiqa+.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une migration essentiellement masculine?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le sens commun s\u2019attendrait \u00e0 retrouver une majorit\u00e9 de femmes sur les routes de l\u2019exil. Elles semblent \u00eatre les premi\u00e8res victimes du r\u00e9gime, qui associe les discours sur les droits des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.graduateinstitute.ch\/communications\/news\/afghan-women-serial-wars-and-imperial-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">femmes \u00e0 l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme<\/a>.[1] Que ce soit la fermeture des \u00e9coles pour les filles depuis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eda.admin.ch\/eda\/fr\/dfae\/dfae\/aktuell\/newsuebersicht\/2022\/09\/afghanistan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mars 2022<\/a>, l\u2019exclusion de la gente f\u00e9minine des universit\u00e9s et des organisations humanitaires depuis d\u00e9cembre 2022, les lois bas\u00e9es sur une lecture fondamentaliste du Coran \u00e9cartent les femmes de la vie publique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans les faits, la part de femmes sur les routes migratoires est relativement moindre que celle des hommes. Pr\u00e8s d\u2019un quart des d\u00e9plac\u00e9\u00b7es internes et des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9\u00b7es sont des femmes, selon le <a href=\"https:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/afghansituation#:~:text=Across%20the%20Afghanistan%20Situation%20in,6%2C600%20households%20with%20emergency%20shelter.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><abbr class='c2c-text-hover' title='Haut commissariat des Nations unies pour les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s'>HCR<\/abbr><\/a>. Pour partir, celles-ci privil\u00e9gient d\u2019autres canaux (tels que le regroupement familial), car les d\u00e9fis sont nombreux. Quitter le pays l\u00e9galement requiert un passeport et un visa, des documents officiels presque impossibles \u00e0 obtenir actuellement. De plus, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les lois talibanes, les femmes sont d\u00e9pendantes d\u2019une autorisation de quitter le pays par leur Mahram (\u00ab gardien \u00bb masculin) et ne peuvent voyager seules. Enfin, les risques encourus sur les voies migratoires terrestres sont d\u00e9cupl\u00e9s en raison des viols et violences de genre quasi syst\u00e9matiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9migration d\u2019au moins un membre de la famille devient alors une strat\u00e9gie. [2]<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Monsutti, Alessandro, 2004.&nbsp;Guerres et migrations&nbsp;: r\u00e9seaux sociaux et strat\u00e9gies \u00e9conomiques des Hazaras d&rsquo;Afghanistan, Neuch\u00e2tel\/Paris, Institut d\u2019ethnologie\/Maison des&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_9');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Les d\u00e9parts surtout masculins redoublent les responsabilit\u00e9s des m\u00e8res, s\u0153urs et filles rest\u00e9es au pays, affectant la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son ensemble. Face \u00e0 cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9, les femmes et les minorit\u00e9s ethnoreligieuses pers\u00e9cut\u00e9es continuent de r\u00e9sister: manifestations, \u00e9coles clandestines, emplois informels&#8230; [1]<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leparisien.fr\/video\/video-afghanistan-les-femmes-ne-vont-pas-abandonner-la-partie-19-08-2021-NZRP2LRRBVEY3OGMZPTBA3AEOU.php\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.leparisien.fr\/video\/video-afghanistan-les-femmes-ne-vont-pas-abandonner-la-partie-19-08-2021-NZRP2LRRBVEY3OGMZPTBA3AEOU.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De nombreux analystes pointent du doigt l\u2019\u00e9chec de l\u2019intervention am\u00e9ricaine et de ses alli\u00e9s de l\u2019OTAN<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_11');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> en Afghanistan comme source principale du d\u00e9sastre humanitaire qui s\u00e9vit actuellement. Le gouvernement taliban ne jouissant pas de la reconnaissance internationale, les leviers de pression qu\u2019il utilise restent flous et c\u2019est la population qui souffre du blocage politique. Dans ce contexte pr\u00e9occupant, les trajectoires migratoires afghanes traduisent l\u2019embo\u00eetement de ces multiples bouleversements dont les ramifications d\u00e9passent largement l\u2019Afghanistan et d\u00e9voilent un dysfonctionnement syst\u00e9mique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nina Khamsy<\/strong><br>Doctorante, Institut de hautes \u00e9tudes internationales et du d\u00e9veloppement (IHEID)<\/p>\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"c-block--box  is-box--\">\n    <div class=\"c-block--box-inner\">\n        \n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-heading\">La migration afghane vers l&rsquo;Europe. Entre refoulements violents et renvois de masse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les trajectoires migratoires afghanes sont devenues de plus en plus distantes, longues, co\u00fbteuses et dangereuses. Historiquement, la majorit\u00e9 des Afghan\u00b7es forc\u00e9\u00b7es de quitter leur pays est demeur\u00e9e dans les pays voisins que sont l\u2019Iran et le Pakistan (plus de 85 %, soit 2,2 millions selon le HCR). La proximit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique, linguistique et socioculturelle offrait la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une mobilit\u00e9 circulaire s\u2019adaptant aux besoins \u00e9conomiques et s\u00e9curitaires. Cependant, durant les deux derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, les politiques plus restrictives et les troubles \u00e9conomiques en Iran et au Pakistan ont d\u00e9grad\u00e9 les conditions de vie des Afghan\u00b7es, les contraignant \u00e0 emprunter des voies migratoires plus distantes. Une minorit\u00e9 rejoint donc l\u2019Europe, en passant par la Turquie. Ce pays, qui compte un grand nombre d\u2019Afghan\u00b7es (entre 600 000 et 800 000 en 2021 selon les <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.afghanistan-analysts.org\/en\/reports\/migration\/refugees-or-ghosts-afghans-in-turkey-face-growing-uncertainty\/\" target=\"_blank\">associations locales<\/a>) ne constitue plus un pays s\u00fbr, sachant qu\u2019il a proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 des renvois de masse vers l\u2019Afghanistan (pr\u00e8s de 97 500 renvois en 2022)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">D\u2019apr\u00e8s la Direction de la gestion des&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_90775_1('footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_12');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_90775_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Les pays europ\u00e9ens sur la route occidentale que sont la Gr\u00e8ce, la Bulgarie, la Hongrie, et la Croatie ne sont pas en reste: de nombreux rapports font \u00e9tat de <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borderviolence.eu\/category\/monthly-report\/\" target=\"_blank\">refoulements ill\u00e9gaux et violents<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NKy<\/p>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"c-block--box  is-box--\">\n    <div class=\"c-block--box-inner\">\n        \n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour aller plus loin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adam Baczko,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>La guerre par le droit, Les tribunaux Taliban en Afghanistan<\/strong><strong>, Paris, CNRS \u00c9ditions (2021)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>[1] Julie Billaud,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Kabul Carnival, Gender Politics in Postwar Afghanistan,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press (2015). Dans&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Afghan women, serial wars and imperial violence<\/strong><strong>, graduateinstitute.ch (2021), elle estime que les discours \u00ab d\u2019\u00e9mancipation \u00bb qui ont accompa- gn\u00e9 l\u2019intervention \u00e9trang\u00e8re jusqu\u2019en 2021 sont \u00e0 relativiser.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Les articles de Fabrizio Foschini publi\u00e9s sur<br>\u00ab Afghanistan Analyst Network \u00bb, notamment \u00ab Refugees or Ghosts ? Afghans in Turkey face growing uncertainty \u00bb (2022)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>[2] Alessandro Monsutti :&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Homo itinerans, La plan\u00e8te des Afghans,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>PUF (2018) et&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Guerres<br>et migrations : r\u00e9seaux sociaux et strat\u00e9gies \u00e9conomiques des Hazaras d\u2019Afghanistan,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Neuch\u00e2tel\/Paris, Institut d\u2019ethnologie\/Maison des sciences de l\u2019Homme (2004)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Les rapports sur les refoulements aux fron- ti\u00e8res europ\u00e9ennes du r\u00e9seau \u00ab Border violence monitoring network \u00bb (en ligne)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sophie Malka, Aljoscha Land\u00f6s,&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Afghanistan : r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, statistiques et pratique suisse,<br><\/strong><strong><abbr class='c2c-text-hover' title='Revue Vivre Ensemble'>VE<\/abbr> 184 \/ octobre 2021, sur asile.ch<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"c-block--box  is-box--\">\n    <div class=\"c-block--box-inner\">\n        \n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Femmes et filles \u00e9ligibles au statut de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9es<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1470\" src=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-90796\" srcset=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-300x172.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/unspecified-150x86.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9 UNHCR\/Oxygen Film Studio (AFG)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Au vu de la politique mise en \u0153uvre par les talibans depuis leur acc\u00e8s au pouvoir, \u00ab les femmes et les filles sont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral expos\u00e9es \u00e0 des risques de pers\u00e9cution et sont donc \u00e9ligibles au statut de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 \u00bb. Telle est la conclusion de l\u2019Agence de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne dans un <a href=\"https:\/\/euaa.europa.eu\/news-events\/afghanistan-taliban-restrictions-women-and-girls-amount-persecution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rapport rendu public le 25 janvier 2023<\/a>, dont l\u2019objectif est de guider les \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019UE dans leurs pratiques d\u2019asile en vue d\u2019une harmonisation. Celui-ci analyse la situation actuelle et dresse la liste des autres cat\u00e9gories de la population \u00e0 risque de pers\u00e9cution et conclut qu\u2019en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, \u00ab il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019alternative de protection interne dans aucune partie de l\u2019Afghanistan,si le demandeur quitte sa r\u00e9gion d\u2019origine.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La Su\u00e8de s\u2019\u00e9tait le 7 d\u00e9cembre prononc\u00e9e pour l\u2019octroi du statut de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9e aux femmes afghanes. Se basant sur le rapport europ\u00e9en, le Danemark, connu pour sa politique z\u00e9ro r\u00e9fugi\u00e9\u00b7e, annon\u00e7ait fin janvier sa d\u00e9cision de \u00absyst\u00e9matiquement accorder l\u2019asile aux femmes et filles originaires d\u2019Afghanistan\u00bb. Les demandes des hommes afghans, y compris de ceux actuellement d\u00e9bout\u00e9s, seront \u00e9galement r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9es \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re de cette nouvelle analyse. D\u2019autres pays pourraient suivre. Et la Suisse ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sophie Malka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h5><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_90775_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_90775_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_90775_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h5><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_90775_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/system\/files\/pdf\/WMR-2022.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/system\/files\/pdf\/WMR-2022.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Les sanctions internationales visent la plupart des 9 ministres au pouvoir. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eda.admin.ch\/eda\/fr\/dfae\/dfae\/aktuell\/newsuebrsicht\/2022\/09\/afghanistan.html<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il s\u2019agit notamment des&nbsp;r\u00e9ductions des salaires des travailleurs essentiels, de la crise de liquidit\u00e9 massive, d\u2019une flamb\u00e9e des prix des biens essentiels; et des restrictions impos\u00e9es par des gouvernements ext\u00e9rieurs affectant le secteur bancaire.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2023\/country-chapters\/afghanistan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2023\/country-chapters\/afghanistan<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s le Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral adjoint aux affaires humanitaires et Coordonnateur des secours d\u2019urgence en Afghanistan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ungeneva.org\/fr\/news-media\/news\/2022\/12\/76157\/en-afghanistan-lexemption-humanitaire-nous-aide-sauver-des-vies-onu\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ungeneva.org\/fr\/news-media\/news\/2022\/12\/76157\/en-afghanistan-lexemption-humanitaire-nous-aide-sauver-des-vies-onu<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce secteur est l&rsquo;un des moyens de subsistance essentiel alors qu&rsquo;environ 70% des Afghans vivent dans des zones rurales (selon le FAO) et 80% vit directement ou indirectement de l\u2019agriculture<a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/afghanistan-pour-viter-une-catastrophe-il-faut-une-aide-agricole-de-toute-urgence\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/afghanistan\/afghanistan-pour-viter-une-catastrophe-il-faut-une-aide-agricole-de-toute-urgence<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Des villages bombard\u00e9s par les troupes de l&rsquo;OTAN, maisons pill\u00e9es par les forces sp\u00e9ciales am\u00e9ricaines et milices financ\u00e9es par la CIA, arrestations massives, tortures et des communaut\u00e9s terroris\u00e9es.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.graduateinstitute.ch\/communications\/news\/afghan-women-serial-wars-and-imperial-violence\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.graduateinstitute.ch\/communications\/news\/afghan-women-serial-wars-and-imperial-violence<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Les juges doivent appliquer certains aspects de la loi islamique, tels que les ex\u00e9cutions publiques, lapidations, flagellations et amputations, d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;Agence France-Presse Kabul&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/nov\/14\/afghanistan-supreme-leader-orders-full-implementation-of-sharia-law-taliban<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Les attaques \u00e0 la bombe et les attaques arm\u00e9es contre les Hazaras en 2022, revendiqu\u00e9es par l&rsquo;\u00c9tat islamique de la province du Khorasan, auraient tu\u00e9 et bless\u00e9 au moins 700 personnes&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2023\/country-chapters\/afghanistan\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2023\/country-chapters\/afghanistan<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ethnographiques.org\/MONSUTTI-Alessandro-2004-Guerres-et-migrations-reseaux-sociaux-et-strategies\" target=\"_blank\">Monsutti, Alessandro, 2004.&nbsp;<em>Guerres et migrations&nbsp;: r\u00e9seaux sociaux et strat\u00e9gies \u00e9conomiques des Hazaras d&rsquo;Afghanistan<\/em>, Neuch\u00e2tel\/Paris, Institut d\u2019ethnologie\/Maison des sciences de l\u2019Homme<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.leparisien.fr\/video\/video-afghanistan-les-femmes-ne-vont-pas-abandonner-la-partie-19-08-2021-NZRP2LRRBVEY3OGMZPTBA3AEOU.php\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.leparisien.fr\/video\/video-afghanistan-les-femmes-ne-vont-pas-abandonner-la-partie-19-08-2021-NZRP2LRRBVEY3OGMZPTBA3AEOU.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2012\/09\/20\/waiting-for-taliban-in-afghanistan-pub-49419\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2012\/09\/20\/waiting-for-taliban-in-afghanistan-pub-49419<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/fr\/content\/valo-dorronsoro-karthala\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.sciencespo.fr\/ceri\/fr\/content\/valo-dorronsoro-karthala<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/12\/18\/us\/airstrikes-pentagon-records-civilian-deaths.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/12\/18\/us\/airstrikes-pentagon-records-civilian-deaths.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_90775_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_90775_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_90775_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">D\u2019apr\u00e8s la Direction de la gestion des migrants&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ensonhaber.com\/gundem\/2022de-toplam-97-bin-448-kacak-gocmen-geri-gonderildi\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ensonhaber.com\/gundem\/2022de-toplam-97-bin-448-kacak-gocmen-geri-gonderildi<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/11\/18\/turkey-pushes-afghans-back-iran-border#:~:text=Turkey%20hosts%20the%20largest%20number,January%202021%20and%20April%202022\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/11\/18\/turkey-pushes-afghans-back-iran-border#:~:text=Turkey%20hosts%20the%20largest%20number,January%202021%20and%20April%202022<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_90775_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_90775_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_90775_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_90775_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_90775_1').hide(); 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}<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En Suisse comme dans l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE), l\u2019un des principaux pays de provenance des demandes d\u2019asile apr\u00e8s l\u2019Ukraine en 2022 a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019Afghanistan. Une migration en augmentation et essentiellement masculine, mais qui n\u2019est pas nouvelle. L\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique depuis l\u2019invasion sovi\u00e9tique de 1979 et la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de la situation s\u00e9curitaire durant l\u2019intervention \u00e9trang\u00e8re (2001-2021), en particulier &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/2023\/04\/24\/chronique-afghanistan-femmes-et-minorites-en-danger\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":90799,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[633,328,994,979,1157,447,464,189,1156,326],"ve_numero":[1211],"pays":[228,82],"ve_type":[1052],"ve_action":[1077],"class_list":["post-90775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites","tag-femmes","tag-forteresse-europeenne","tag-frontieres","tag-migration","tag-notre-regard","tag-politique-migratoire","tag-refoulement","tag-renvoi","tag-revue","tag-routes-migratoires","ve_numero-ve-191-fevrier-2023","pays-afghanistan","pays-suisse","ve_type-chronique-monde","ve_action-notre-regard"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90775","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90775"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90775\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":90860,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90775\/revisions\/90860"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/90799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90775"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90775"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90775"},{"taxonomy":"ve_numero","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ve_numero?post=90775"},{"taxonomy":"pays","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pays?post=90775"},{"taxonomy":"ve_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ve_type?post=90775"},{"taxonomy":"ve_action","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ve_action?post=90775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}