{"id":99504,"date":"2024-10-22T10:33:13","date_gmt":"2024-10-22T08:33:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/?p=99504"},"modified":"2025-08-26T11:02:12","modified_gmt":"2025-08-26T09:02:12","slug":"cncd-11-11-11-externalisation-des-politiques-migratoires-analyse-de-la-face-face-sombre-du-pacte-europeen-sur-la-migration-et-lasile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/2024\/10\/22\/cncd-11-11-11-externalisation-des-politiques-migratoires-analyse-de-la-face-face-sombre-du-pacte-europeen-sur-la-migration-et-lasile\/","title":{"rendered":"CNCD | Trier, expulser, contr\u00f4ler : analyse de l&rsquo;externalisation des politiques migratoires"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span class=\"accroche\">En mai 2024, l&rsquo;Union Europ\u00e9enne a adopt\u00e9 le Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration et l&rsquo;asile qui, globalement, vient renforcer le projet d&rsquo;une \u00abEurope forteresse\u00bb. L&rsquo;un des fondements de ce pacte est celui de l&rsquo;externalisation des politiques migratoires, que la signature de nombreux accords entre les pays membres de l&rsquo;UE et les pays tiers s\u00fbrs concr\u00e9tise. Nous relayons l&rsquo;article du Centre National de Coop\u00e9ration au D\u00e9veloppement (CNCD) qui analyse cette dimension du Pacte migratoire &#8211; d\u00e9montrant que l\u2019externalisation vise \u00e0 limiter l\u2019entr\u00e9e et le s\u00e9jour des personnes migrantes sur le sol europ\u00e9en via la d\u00e9tention, le tri et l\u2019expulsion ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 faciliter leur renvoi. Des pratiques jug\u00e9es contraires au droit international.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/paolo_cuttitta\/3863594446\/in\/photolist-6TpW2m-2nS57Um-VyWTXA-H4Ey7x-2nUYGfg-VyWTLJ-VyWSLY-VyWT8u-23kdjMw-VyX1jJ-VLabGw-VLa8A1-VyWYW3-262i33L-VPFFtR-VyWXPU-VyWSDU-VerGgE-VyWTpw-VyWXtd-VyX1tG-UA6CDV-UA6z5k-GqYowK-VPFAY8-VerFiC-UA6AhF-2n5SL7Y-2o79WNF-UA6AqB-VyWYHC-24ZY7Bu-VLaboL-VerG2b-VyWYzm-UA6zCz-VLaa5d-GqYozk-UA6Dkz-UA6CUz-VyWZCy-UA6zVZ-Ux9aTo-VyWTEm-VyWZnd-24ZYaGh-HXkYRh-VyWZhy-UA6DcP-VyWWYA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3863594446_79f43dedcb_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-99512\" style=\"width:618px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3863594446_79f43dedcb_b.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3863594446_79f43dedcb_b-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/3863594446_79f43dedcb_b-150x97.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cr\u00e9dits : Flickr, Paolo Cuttitta.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ci-dessous, l<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/L-externalisation-face-sombre-du\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/L-externalisation-face-sombre-du\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&lsquo;article de C\u00e9cile Vanderstappen,<\/a> paru sur le site du CNCD (Belgique).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"c-block--box  is-box--\">\n    <div class=\"c-block--box-inner\">\n        \n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019externalisation, face sombre du Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration et l\u2019asile<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Octobre 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"accroche\">L\u2019adoption en mai 2024 du <a href=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/2024\/08\/15\/pacte-sur-la-migration-et-lasile-de-lue-contenu-nouveautes-et-impact-pour-la-suisse\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"98342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration et l\u2019asile<\/a> s\u2019est accompagn\u00e9e de la signature de nombreux accords migratoires entre l\u2019UE et des pays tiers. Cette externalisation des politiques migratoires est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par la pr\u00e9sidente de la Commission europ\u00e9enne comme compl\u00e9mentaire \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre du Pacte par les \u00c9tats Membres d\u2019ici 2026. La pr\u00e9sente analyse revient sur les diff\u00e9rentes composantes de l\u2019externalisation.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration et l\u2019asile adopt\u00e9 en 2024 a \u00e9t\u00e9 rebaptis\u00e9 \u00abPacte contre les migrations\u00bb par les organisations de d\u00e9fense des droits humains<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Pour-un-autre-pacte-europeen-sur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Pour-un-autre-pacte-europeen-sur<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Il est jug\u00e9 contraire au droit international, inefficace et peu porteur de solutions novatrices et durables, tant dans sa dimension interne que dans son volet externe<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/IMG\/pdf\/la-dimension-externe-du-pacte-sur-la-migration-et-lasile.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/IMG\/pdf\/la-dimension-externe-du-pacte-sur-la-migration-et-lasile.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;incarn\u00e9 par l\u2019externalisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019externalisation n\u2019est pas neuve. \u00c0 l\u2019image d\u2019une araign\u00e9e, elle a tiss\u00e9 sa toile pendant une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cette strat\u00e9gie a d\u00e9but\u00e9 d\u00e8s 1999 avec le Trait\u00e9 europ\u00e9en d\u2019Amsterdam, suivi du sommet de Tampere qui en a consacr\u00e9 les principes.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;jusqu\u2019\u00e0 devenir pr\u00e9sente aujourd\u2019hui dans chaque volet de la politique migratoire europ\u00e9enne. Elle poursuit deux objectifs principaux: d\u2019une part restreindre l\u2019entr\u00e9e et le s\u00e9jour des personnes migrantes sur le sol europ\u00e9en en emp\u00eachant leur d\u00e9part depuis leur pays d\u2019origine ou de transit et en limitant le droit d\u2019asile et d\u2019autre part faciliter leur retour depuis l\u2019UE vers leur pays d\u2019origine ou de transit. La politique europ\u00e9enne d\u2019externalisation d\u00e9l\u00e8gue ainsi la gestion de l\u2019accueil, de l\u2019asile, du retour et du contr\u00f4le des fronti\u00e8res \u00e0 des pays tiers (comme la Libye, le Maroc, la Turquie, le Niger et l\u2019Albanie) ou des organismes externes, tels que l\u2019Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) et Frontex, l\u2019Agence europ\u00e9enne de garde-fronti\u00e8res et de garde-c\u00f4tes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9tenir, trier, expulser<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le premier objectif de l\u2019externalisation est de limiter l\u2019entr\u00e9e et le s\u00e9jour des personnes migrantes sur le sol europ\u00e9en via la d\u00e9tention, le tri et l\u2019expulsion. Pour cela, l\u2019UE a \u00e9labor\u00e9 au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La notion de \u00ab&nbsp;pays d\u2019origine s\u00fbr&nbsp;\u00bb trouve sa base juridique communautaire, en 2005, dans la premi\u00e8re Directive \u00ab&nbsp;proc\u00e9dure&nbsp;\u00bb, une notion maintenue au moment de la&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_4');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;le&nbsp;concept de&nbsp;<strong>\u00abpays tiers [ou d\u2019origine] s\u00fbr\u00bb.<\/strong>&nbsp;Selon ce concept, les personnes issues de certains pays sont pr\u00e9sum\u00e9es ne pas avoir besoin de protection internationale. Un \u00c9tat membre de l\u2019UE peut donc acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le traitement de la demande d\u2019asile des personnes concern\u00e9es<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab&nbsp;Un pays est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un pays d\u2019origine s\u00fbr lorsque, sur la base de la situation l\u00e9gale, de l\u2019application du droit dans le cadre d\u2019un r\u00e9gime d\u00e9mocratique et des&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_5');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;et les renvoyer vers ce m\u00eame pays sans examiner en profondeur leurs craintes individuelles de pers\u00e9cution, ce qui constitue une violation de la Convention internationale relative au statut des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s. \u00c0 l\u2019heure actuelle, au niveau europ\u00e9en, il n\u2019existe pas de crit\u00e8res clairs de d\u00e9finition et de liste de \u00abpays d\u2019origine s\u00fbrs\u00bb. Chaque \u00c9tat membre a sa propre liste, ce qui entra\u00eene des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s dans le traitement des demandes d\u2019asile au sein de l\u2019UE. Le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal pour exemple a \u00e9t\u00e9 repris dans la liste fran\u00e7aise des pays s\u00fbrs jusqu\u2019en 2022 alors qu\u2019il a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 absent de la liste belge<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">En 2024, la Belgique, consid\u00e8re l\u2019Albanie, la Bosnie-Herz\u00e9govine, la Mac\u00e9doine du Nord, le Kosovo, le Mont\u00e9n\u00e9gro, la Serbie, l\u2019Inde et la Moldavie comme des pays d\u2019origine s\u00fbrs.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Selon la m\u00eame vision de tri des personnes migrantes, l\u2019UE et ses membres ont fait \u00e9galement appel \u00e0 l\u2019\u00ab<strong>approche hotspots\u00bb<\/strong><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migreurop.org\/IMG\/pdf\/notes_plaidoyer_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/migreurop.org\/IMG\/pdf\/notes_plaidoyer_fr.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e sur les \u00eeles grecques et italiennes \u00e0 la suite du conflit syrien de 2015. Elle permet de limiter l\u2019entr\u00e9e des personnes migrantes en Europe, en les privant de libert\u00e9 d\u00e8s leur arriv\u00e9e puis en les triant entre personnes relocalisables et expulsables selon leur pays d\u2019origine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On retrouve cette logique dans le nouveau Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration et l\u2019asile<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/en\/Publications\/Responsibility-sharing-or-shifting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/en\/Publications\/Responsibility-sharing-or-shifting&amp;nbsp<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, o\u00f9 les demandeurs d\u2019asile provenant de pays avec un taux de reconnaissance du statut de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 20% seront soumis, en d\u00e9tention, apr\u00e8s un processus de filtrage, \u00e0 une proc\u00e9dure d\u2019asile acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e. Celle-ci peut mener \u00e0 leur renvoi sans examen approfondi de leur demande de protection. Cette vision est pr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement dans le Pacte \u00e0 travers la&nbsp;<strong>\u00abfiction juridique de non entr\u00e9e\u00bb<\/strong>&nbsp;qui vise \u00e0 faire comme si une personne n\u2019\u00e9tait pas entr\u00e9e sur le sol europ\u00e9en tant qu\u2019elle n\u2019a re\u00e7u les r\u00e9sultats du processus de filtrage (comme c\u2019est le cas dans les hotspots) alors qu\u2019elle y est physiquement. Cela permet \u00e0 l\u2019UE de s\u2019affranchir du droit international et de faciliter l\u2019\u00e9loignement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Enfin, il existe une volont\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne tenace&nbsp;<strong>d\u2019externaliser la gestion de l\u2019asile<\/strong>. Sur base de ce mod\u00e8le dit \u00abaustralien\u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.be\/infos\/actualites\/article\/australie-union-europeenne-reproduire-modele-migratoire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.be\/infos\/actualites\/article\/australie-union-europeenne-reproduire-modele-migratoire<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, les demandes de protection sont trait\u00e9es et g\u00e9r\u00e9es pratiquement en dehors du sol europ\u00e9en. Ne sont accept\u00e9s en Europe que ceux et celles ayant d\u00e9j\u00e0 obtenu le statut de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9. Les personnes d\u00e9bout\u00e9es restent bloqu\u00e9es dans les camps des pays tiers dont les conditions de vie sont en dessous des normes europ\u00e9ennes. L\u2019accord entre l\u2019UE et la Turquie de 2016 et celui entre l\u2019Italie et l\u2019Albanie en 2024 en sont les illustrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contr\u00f4ler les fronti\u00e8res pour emp\u00eacher les d\u00e9parts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019objectif de r\u00e9duction des d\u00e9parts passe par le renforcement des&nbsp;<strong>contr\u00f4les aux fronti\u00e8res<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>ext\u00e9rieures de l\u2019UE<\/strong>. Depuis sa cr\u00e9ation en 2004, l\u2019agence europ\u00e9enne&nbsp;<strong>Frontex<\/strong>&nbsp;a vu son budget, son personnel, son arsenal militaire, son autonomie et ses zones g\u00e9ographiques d\u2019interventions au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019UE sans cesse s\u2019accroitre<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/europe\/20240720-immigration-l-ue-veut-encore-renforcer-frontex-malgr%C3%A9-l-accumulation-des-critiques-et-des-scandales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/europe\/20240720-immigration-l-ue-veut-encore-renforcer-frontex-malgr%C3%A9-l-accumulation-des-critiques-et-des-scandales<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;malgr\u00e9 les nombreuses accusations \u00e0 son encontre de non-respect des droits humains<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Frontex-Droits-humains-en-danger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Frontex-Droits-humains-en-danger<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;dont le droit d\u2019asile. Parall\u00e8lement, des accords visant \u00e0 renforcer la surveillance des fronti\u00e8res ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conclus. En 2017, l\u2019Italie avec l\u2019appui de l\u2019UE a sign\u00e9 un&nbsp;<strong>accord avec la Libye<\/strong>&nbsp;dans le but de financer les op\u00e9rations de surveillance des gardes c\u00f4tes libyens. Ce partenariat vise \u00e0 emp\u00eacher les d\u00e9parts depuis la Libye et \u00e0 y ramener les personnes intercept\u00e9es dans l\u2019espace maritime libyen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces pratiques mettent \u00e0 mal le droit d\u2019asile et le principe de non-refoulement tel qu\u2019inscrit dans l\u2019article 33 de la convention relative au droit des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Aucun des \u00c9tats contractants n\u2019expulsera ou ne refoulera, de quelque mani\u00e8re que ce soit, un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 sur les fronti\u00e8res des territoires o\u00f9 sa vie ou sa libert\u00e9 serait menac\u00e9e en raison de&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_12');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;ainsi que l\u2019article 13 de la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l\u2019homme selon laquelle chaque personne a le droit de quitter son pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notons que les&nbsp;<strong>campagnes de dissuasion au d\u00e9part<\/strong>&nbsp;visent le m\u00eame objectif d\u2019endiguer les d\u00e9parts. Elles sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par l\u2019OIM dans les pays d\u2019origine, comme celles men\u00e9es en 2023 par la Belgique en Guin\u00e9e, au Vietnam et au Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Signer des accords de retour avec les pays tiers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le second objectif de l\u2019externalisation est de faciliter les retours. Pour y arriver, les \u00c9tats Membres de l\u2019UE tentent de signer un maximum&nbsp;<strong>d\u2019accords de r\u00e9admission&nbsp;<\/strong>(ou de M\u00e9morandum d\u2019entente et accords techniques) r\u00e9gionaux et bilat\u00e9raux avec des pays tiers<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Citons pour exemples, les accords r\u00e9gionaux entre l\u2019UE et le Niger (2015), la Turquie (2016), la Tunisie, le Liban, l\u2019\u00c9gypte et la Mauritanie (2024). S\u2019ajoute \u00e0 ceux-ci, les accords&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_13');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Ces listes ne sont pas exhaustives et ne font que s\u2019allonger depuis 30 ans.)). Ceux-ci contraignent les pays \u00e0 r\u00e9admettre leurs ressortissants et parfois m\u00eame les personnes ayant uniquement transit\u00e9 sur leur territoire pendant leur parcours d\u2019exil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des accords commerciaux ou \u00e9conomiques conclus entre l\u2019UE et des pays voisins comporte des clauses migratoires et notamment des accords de r\u00e9admission. C\u2019est le cas dans l\u2019Accord Post-Cotonou (ACP-UE)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/actalliance.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/20210701_Insiders-Guide-to-the-Post-Cotonou-Agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/actalliance.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/20210701_Insiders-Guide-to-the-Post-Cotonou-Agreement.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;ou encore dans les derniers&nbsp;<strong>\u00abpartenariats strat\u00e9giques\u00bb&nbsp;<\/strong>sign\u00e9s en 2023\/2024 entre l\u2019UE et le Maroc, la Mauritanie, la Tunisie, l\u2019Egypte et le Liban<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">https:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1371701\/lue-signe-un-accord-de-partenariat-pour-74-mds-deuros-avec-legypte-responsable-europeen.html ou&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_15');\">Lire la suite<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019externalisation est co\u00fbteuse, inefficace et contraire au droit international<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Outre le fait que les diff\u00e9rentes pratiques de mise en \u0153uvre de la politique europ\u00e9enne d\u2019externalisation mettent \u00e0 mal le droit d\u2019asile et la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l\u2019homme<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Article 13 DUDH \u00ab&nbsp;toute personne a le droit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, elles ont \u00e9galement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 leur inefficacit\u00e9. En effet, une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente de la VUB<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press.vub.ac.be\/une-etude-de-la-vub-ecorne-les-mythes-sur-la-migration-et-lexpulsion#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/press.vub.ac.be\/une-etude-de-la-vub-ecorne-les-mythes-sur-la-migration-et-lexpulsion#<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;ainsi que les publications r\u00e9guli\u00e8res de chiffres de Frontex<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_99504_1('footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontex.europa.eu\/media-centre\/news\/news-release\/eu-s-external-borders-in-2022-number-of-irregular-border-crossings-highest-since-2016-YsAZ29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.frontex.europa.eu\/media-centre\/news\/news-release\/eu-s-external-borders-in-2022-number-of-irregular-border-crossings-highest-since-2016-YsAZ29<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_99504_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;attestent que malgr\u00e9 les milliards d\u2019euros investis dans cette strat\u00e9gie r\u00e9pressive, les migrations dites irr\u00e9guli\u00e8res ne diminuent pas, tout comme les d\u00e9c\u00e8s et les violences qui en d\u00e9coulent. Elles alimentent surtout le business des trafiquants d\u2019\u00eatres humains. D\u2019autre part, peu de pays tiers mettent en pratique les accords de r\u00e9admission et certains r\u00e9gimes autoritaires utilisent les partenariats strat\u00e9giques pour faire pression sur l\u2019UE sur des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques.<\/p>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div\n    class=\"c-block--box  is-box--\">\n    <div class=\"c-block--box-inner\">\n        \n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019externalisation pour les personnes exil\u00e9es et la place de l\u2019UE dans la g\u00e9opolitique internationale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En plus de son inefficacit\u00e9 et son co\u00fbt, l\u2019externalisation met \u00e0 mal les droits fondamentaux des personnes migrantes et impacte la place de l\u2019UE dans la g\u00e9opolitique internationale. C&rsquo;est ce qu&rsquo;\u00e9value C\u00e9cile Vanderstappen dans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Les-consequences-de-l\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Les-consequences-de-l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">un article compl\u00e9mentaire \u00e0 celui que nous relayons aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instrumentalisation des aides publiques, atteinte au droit d&rsquo;asile et aux droits fondamentaux, d\u00e9rives d\u00e9mocratiques, opacit\u00e9 des processus : les cons\u00e9quences de l&rsquo;externalisation des politiques migratoires touchent les personnes exil\u00e9es autant que les pays tiers consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme s\u00fbrs et que les pays membres de l&rsquo;UE.<\/p>\n\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<section id=\"related-content-block-action-block_9d0dd94e7959117a20ea44c7b466b0fe\"\n    class=\"c-block c-block--featured  has-documentation-border c-block--card c-block-- \">\n    <div class=\"c-block-title  has-documentation-border\">\n        <div class=\"c-block-title--label\">Contenu li\u00e9<\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"flex flex-wrap -mx-4\">\n                                                                \n                                    <div class=\"px-4 mb-8  w-full md:w-1\/2 \">\n                        <article class=\"c-card post-96496 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites tag-accords-migratoires tag-europe tag-externalisation tag-forteresse-europeenne tag-frontieres tag-notre-regard tag-pacte-europeen tag-politique-dasile tag-politique-migratoire tag-revue tag-systeme-europeen-commun-dasile tag-union-europeenne ve_numero-ve-196-fevrier-2024 ve_type-decryptage ve_action-notre-regard\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/2024\/04\/10\/decryptage-pacte-migratoire-europeen-une-guerre-larvee-anti-migrant%c2%b7es\/\" class=\"c-card-link\">\n    <div class=\"c-card-image\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/DP877624_DAUMIER_-MEDITERRANEE-640x420.jpg\"  alt=\"\">\n      <div class=\"c-card-type       is-notre-regard-tax\n             \">\n\n                          Notre regard\n                \n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2 class=\"c-card-title\">\n        D\u00e9cryptage | Pacte migratoire europ\u00e9en. Une guerre larv\u00e9e anti-migrant\u00b7es\n    <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"c-card-meta\">\n      10 April 2024\n    <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                                            \n                                    <div class=\"px-4 mb-8  w-full md:w-1\/2 \">\n                        <article class=\"c-card post-90518 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites tag-accords-migratoires tag-documentation tag-europe tag-forteresse-europeenne tag-migration tag-pacte-europeen tag-politique-migratoire tag-union-europeenne pays-belgique ve_type-article-de-presse ve_action-documentation\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/2023\/04\/09\/cncd-11-11-11-le-pacte-europeen-sur-la-migration-et-lasile-adopte-par-la-libe\/\" class=\"c-card-link\">\n    <div class=\"c-card-image\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sara-kurfess-Q3CO1ZOZ6ZI-unsplash-640x420.jpg\"  alt=\"\">\n      <div class=\"c-card-type       is-documentation-tax\n             \">\n\n                          Documentation\n                \n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2 class=\"c-card-title\">\n        CNCD | Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration: le Parlement europ\u00e9en brade les droits fondamentaux\n    <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"c-card-meta\">\n      9 April 2023\n    <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n<\/article>\n                    <\/div>\n                                                <\/div><!-- \/ container -->\n\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><h5><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_99504_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_99504_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_99504_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/h5><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_99504_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Pour-un-autre-pacte-europeen-sur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Pour-un-autre-pacte-europeen-sur<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/IMG\/pdf\/la-dimension-externe-du-pacte-sur-la-migration-et-lasile.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/IMG\/pdf\/la-dimension-externe-du-pacte-sur-la-migration-et-lasile.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cette strat\u00e9gie a d\u00e9but\u00e9 d\u00e8s 1999 avec le Trait\u00e9 europ\u00e9en d\u2019Amsterdam, suivi du sommet de Tampere qui en a consacr\u00e9 les principes.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La notion de \u00ab&nbsp;pays d\u2019origine s\u00fbr&nbsp;\u00bb trouve sa base juridique communautaire, en 2005, dans la premi\u00e8re Directive \u00ab&nbsp;proc\u00e9dure&nbsp;\u00bb, une notion maintenue au moment de la r\u00e9vision de la directive en 2013.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab&nbsp;Un pays est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un pays d\u2019origine s\u00fbr lorsque, sur la base de la situation l\u00e9gale, de l\u2019application du droit dans le cadre d\u2019un r\u00e9gime d\u00e9mocratique et des circonstances politiques g\u00e9n\u00e9rales, il peut \u00eatre d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que, d\u2019une mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et uniform\u00e9ment, il n\u2019y est jamais recouru \u00e0 la pers\u00e9cution telle que d\u00e9finie \u00e0 l\u2019article 9 de la directive 2011\/95\/UE, ni \u00e0 la torture ni \u00e0 des peines ou traitements inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants, qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de menace en raison d\u2019une violence aveugle dans des situations de conflit arm\u00e9 international ou interne&nbsp;\u00bb. (Annexe I, directive 2013\/32\/UE relative \u00e0 des proc\u00e9dures communes pour l\u2019octroi et le retrait de la protection internationale).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">En 2024, la Belgique, consid\u00e8re l\u2019Albanie, la Bosnie-Herz\u00e9govine, la Mac\u00e9doine du Nord, le Kosovo, le Mont\u00e9n\u00e9gro, la Serbie, l\u2019Inde et la Moldavie comme des pays d\u2019origine s\u00fbrs.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migreurop.org\/IMG\/pdf\/notes_plaidoyer_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/migreurop.org\/IMG\/pdf\/notes_plaidoyer_fr.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/en\/Publications\/Responsibility-sharing-or-shifting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/en\/Publications\/Responsibility-sharing-or-shifting&amp;nbsp<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.be\/infos\/actualites\/article\/australie-union-europeenne-reproduire-modele-migratoire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.be\/infos\/actualites\/article\/australie-union-europeenne-reproduire-modele-migratoire<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/europe\/20240720-immigration-l-ue-veut-encore-renforcer-frontex-malgr%C3%A9-l-accumulation-des-critiques-et-des-scandales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/fr\/europe\/20240720-immigration-l-ue-veut-encore-renforcer-frontex-malgr%C3%A9-l-accumulation-des-critiques-et-des-scandales<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Frontex-Droits-humains-en-danger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cncd.be\/Frontex-Droits-humains-en-danger<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Aucun des \u00c9tats contractants n\u2019expulsera ou ne refoulera, de quelque mani\u00e8re que ce soit, un r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 sur les fronti\u00e8res des territoires o\u00f9 sa vie ou sa libert\u00e9 serait menac\u00e9e en raison de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalit\u00e9, de son appartenance \u00e0 un certain groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Citons pour exemples, les accords r\u00e9gionaux entre l\u2019UE et le Niger (2015), la Turquie (2016), la Tunisie, le Liban, l\u2019\u00c9gypte et la Mauritanie (2024). S\u2019ajoute \u00e0 ceux-ci, les accords bilat\u00e9raux tels ceux entre la Gr\u00e8ce-Turquie (en 2002), entre l\u2019Italie et la Lybie (2017), entre l\u2019Italie et l\u2019Albanie (2024), entre l\u2019Espagne et le Maroc (1992), la Mauritanie ou le Niger (2024). La Belgique n\u2019est pas en reste et signe des accords de r\u00e9admission, des m\u00e9morandum d\u2019entente ou des accords techniques en son nom propre et au nom du BENELUX (voir&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dekamer.be\/kvvcr\/showpage.cfm?section=qrva&amp;language=fr&amp;cfm=qrvaXml.cfm?legislat=55&amp;dossierID=55-B107-1242-0877-2022202319100.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dekamer.be\/kv&#8230;<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/actalliance.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/20210701_Insiders-Guide-to-the-Post-Cotonou-Agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/actalliance.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/20210701_Insiders-Guide-to-the-Post-Cotonou-Agreement.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1371701\/lue-signe-un-accord-de-partenariat-pour-74-mds-deuros-avec-legypte-responsable-europeen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1371701\/lue-signe-un-accord-de-partenariat-pour-74-mds-deuros-avec-legypte-responsable-europeen.html<\/span><\/a> ou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/07\/17\/apres-son-accord-avec-la-tunisie-l-union-europeenne-vise-des-partenariats-avec-l-egypte-et-le-maroc_6182346_3212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/07\/17\/apres-son-accord-avec-la-tunisie-l-union-europeenne-vise-des-partenariats-avec-l-egypte-et-le-maroc_6182346_3212.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Article 13 DUDH \u00ab&nbsp;toute personne a le droit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press.vub.ac.be\/une-etude-de-la-vub-ecorne-les-mythes-sur-la-migration-et-lexpulsion#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/press.vub.ac.be\/une-etude-de-la-vub-ecorne-les-mythes-sur-la-migration-et-lexpulsion#<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_99504_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_99504_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_99504_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontex.europa.eu\/media-centre\/news\/news-release\/eu-s-external-borders-in-2022-number-of-irregular-border-crossings-highest-since-2016-YsAZ29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.frontex.europa.eu\/media-centre\/news\/news-release\/eu-s-external-borders-in-2022-number-of-irregular-border-crossings-highest-since-2016-YsAZ29<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_99504_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_99504_1').show(); 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jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En mai 2024, l&rsquo;Union Europ\u00e9enne a adopt\u00e9 le Pacte europ\u00e9en sur la migration et l&rsquo;asile qui, globalement, vient renforcer le projet d&rsquo;une \u00abEurope forteresse\u00bb. L&rsquo;un des fondements de ce pacte est celui de l&rsquo;externalisation des politiques migratoires, que la signature de nombreux accords entre les pays membres de l&rsquo;UE et les pays tiers s\u00fbrs concr\u00e9tise. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/2024\/10\/22\/cncd-11-11-11-externalisation-des-politiques-migratoires-analyse-de-la-face-face-sombre-du-pacte-europeen-sur-la-migration-et-lasile\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":99512,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[310,1159,190,475,737,994,1250,1266,283,267,447,394,189,1116],"ve_numero":[],"pays":[],"ve_type":[1056],"ve_action":[1050],"class_list":["post-99504","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites","tag-accords-migratoires","tag-documentation","tag-droit-international","tag-droits-humains","tag-externalisation","tag-frontieres","tag-justice","tag-pacte-europeen","tag-pays-sur","tag-politique-dasile","tag-politique-migratoire","tag-procedure-acceleree","tag-renvoi","tag-union-europeenne","ve_type-decryptage","ve_action-documentation"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=99504"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":99529,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99504\/revisions\/99529"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99512"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99504"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=99504"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=99504"},{"taxonomy":"ve_numero","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ve_numero?post=99504"},{"taxonomy":"pays","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pays?post=99504"},{"taxonomy":"ve_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ve_type?post=99504"},{"taxonomy":"ve_action","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asile.ch\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ve_action?post=99504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}